In Britain and Australia (as well as historically) the term pastry refers to the dough whilst pastries are confections made primarily from pastry. In North America, the term Pastry is used for sweet baked goods made with dough, however, it is generally used colloquially to describe all sweet baked or fried goods.

The precise definition of the term pastry varies based on location and culture. Common doughs used to make pastries include filo dough, puff pastry, choux pastry, shortcrust pastry and Flaky pastry. Pastries tend to have a delicate texture, often flaky or crumbly, and rich flavour. This is caused by the crystals found in solid fats, which forces the starch particles apart and stops the formation of elastic gluten, making the pastry short. Pastries also tend to be baked.

The European tradition of pastry-making is often traced back to the shortcrust era of flaky doughs that were in use throughout the Mediterranean in ancient times. In the ancient Mediterranean, the Romans, Greeks, and Phoenicians all had filo-style pastry in their culinary traditions. In the plays of Aristophanes, written in the 5th century BC, there is mention of sweetmeats, including small baked goods filled with fruit. Roman cuisine used flour, oil, and water to make the pastry dough that were used to cover meats and fowls during baking in order to keep in the juices, but the pastry was not meant to be eaten. The Romans also used a type of pastry sheet know as tractae as a larder stand-by for thickening. A pastry that was meant to be eaten was a richer pastry that was made into small baked goods containing eggs or little birds and that were often served at banquets. Greeks and Romans both struggled in making a good pastry because they used oil in the cooking process, and oil causes the pastry to lose its stiffness.

In the medieval cuisine of Northern Europe, chefs were able to produce nice, stiff pastry dough because they cooked with shortening and butter. Some incomplete lists of ingredients have been found in medieval cookbooks, but no full, detailed versions. There were stiff, empty pastry dough called coffins or 'huff paste', that were eaten by servants only and included an egg yolk glaze to help make them more enjoyable to consume. Medieval pastry based baked goods also included small tarts to add richness.

It was not until about the mid-16th century that actual pastry recipes began appearing. These recipes were adopted and adapted over time in various European countries, resulting in the myriad pastry traditions known to the region, including Portuguese "pastéis de nata" to Pasty in the United Kingdom. Throughout the world pastry has developed. In China, Chinese flaky pastry (Chinese: 中式酥皮; also known as Chinese puff pastry) is made in two distinct styles, Huaiyang-style (淮揚酥皮) and Cantonese-style pastry (廣式酥皮). In Asia, Spring rolls are made with a simple pastry dough of water, flour and oil.

The main types of pastry are:
Dumpling Wrappers
This is the most basic type of pastry, often made from nothing more than flour and water, though sometimes oil can also be added.

Shortcrust pastry
Shortcrust pastry is the simplest and most common pastry. It is made with flour, fat, butter, salt, and water to bind the dough. Pâte brisée is the French version of classic pie or tart shortcrust pastry. The process of making pastry includes mixing of the fat and flour, adding water, chilling and then rolling out the dough. Chilling before rolling is essential since it enables the fat (lard, butter, etc.) to harden again and thus create flaky layers in the dough. It also allows for even hydration and inhibits gluten formation. It results in a tender flaky pastry. The fat is mixed with the flour first, generally by rubbing with fingers or a pastry blender, which inhibits gluten formation by coating the gluten strands in fat and results in a short (as in crumbly; hence the term shortcrust), tender pastry. A related type is the sweetened sweetcrust pastry, also known as pâte sucrée, in which sugar and egg yolks have been added (rather than water) to bind the pastry.

Puff pastry
Puff pastry has many layers that cause it to expand or "puff" when baked. Puff pastry is made using a laminated dough consisting of flour, butter, salt, and water. The pastry rises up due to the water and fats expanding as they turn into steam upon heating. Puff pastry come out of the oven light, flaky, and tender.

Flaky pastry
Flaky pastry is a simple pastry that expands when cooked due to the number of layers. It bakes into a crisp, buttery pastry. The "puff" is obtained by the shard-like layers of fat, most often butter or shortening, creating layers which expand in the heat of the oven when baked. A form of Flaky pastry is Chinese flaky pastry, but it uses oil instead of butter.

Choux pastry
Choux pastry is a very light pastry that is often filled with cream. Unlike other types of pastry, choux is in fact closer to a dough before being cooked which gives it the ability to be piped into various shapes such as the éclair and profiterole. Its name originates from the French choux, meaning cabbage, owing to its rough cabbage-like shape after cooking.
Choux begins as a mixture of milk or water and butter which are heated together until the butter melts, to which flour is added to form a dough. Eggs are then beaten into the dough to further enrich it. This high percentage of water causes the pastry to expand into a light, hollow pastry. Initially, the water in the dough turns to steam in the oven and causes the pastry to rise; then the starch in the flour gelatinizes, thereby solidifying the pastry. Once the choux dough has expanded, it is taken out of the oven; a hole is made in it to let out the steam. The pastry is then placed back in the oven to dry out and become crisp. The pastry is filled with various flavours of cream and is often topped with chocolate. Choux pastries can also be filled with ingredients such as cheese, tuna, or chicken to be used as starters.

Filo (Phyllo)
FIlo is a paper-thin pastry dough that is used in many layers. The filo is generally wrapped around a filling and brushed with butter before baking. These pastries are very delicate and flaky.

Malsouka/Brik
Also known as brik sheets, (Arabic: ورق البريك, French: feuilles de brick) or bourek sheets (ورق البوراك) or dioul (Arabic: ديول) is a Maghrebi pastry sheet that resembles filo. It is thicker than filo and unlike filo is created by spreading wafer-thin layers of dough on a heated pan rather than by rolling a raw dough.

Hot water crust pastry
Hot water crust pastry is used for savoury pies, such as pork pies, game pies and, more rarely, steak and kidney pies. Hot water crust is traditionally used for making hand-raised pies. The usual ingredients are hot water, lard, and flour. The pastry is made by heating water into which the fat is then melted, before bringing to the boil, and finally mixing with the flour. It can be done by beating the flour into the mixture in the pan, or by kneading on a pastry board. Either way, the result is a hot and rather sticky paste that can be used for hand-raising: shaping by hand, sometimes using a dish or bowl as an inner mould. As the crust cools, its shape is largely retained, and it is filled and covered with a crust, ready for baking. Hand-raised hot water crust pastry does not produce a neat and uniform finish, as there will be sagging during the cooking of the filled pie, which is generally accepted as the mark of a hand-made pie.

Suet pastry
A traditional pastry in British cuisine used in both sweet and savoury dishes. Suet is the raw, hard fat of beef, lamb or mutton found around the loins and kidneys. Its high smoke point makes it ideal for deep frying and pastry production.

Strudelteig Pastry
Traditional strudel pastry, known as Strudelteig, differs from puff pastry in that it is very elastic. It is made from flour with a high gluten content, water, oil, and salt, with no sugar added. The dough is worked vigorously, rested, and then rolled out and stretched by hand very thinly with the help of a clean linen tea towel or kitchen paper.

Links to all the above types of pastry, and many others can be found in the recipe links section below:

In the context of this page, pastries are typically small or hand-fitting confections made primarily from pastry and there are links to several types of pastries in the links below. Pies and Tarts also have a significant pastry component, but these have their own home at the Pies and Tarts Recipes page.

The alphabetical list of all the recipes recipes for pastry and pastries on this site follows, (limited to 100 recipes per page). There are 249 recipes in total:

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Hart rows      Origin: England	Mincemeat Croissants      Origin: Britain	Poppyseed Kolaches      Origin: Czech
Hevva Cake (Heavy Cake)      Origin: England	Mincemeat Eccles Cakes      Origin: Britain	Potato and Onion Flan      Origin: Ireland
Hojuelas (Fried Puff Squares)      Origin: Colombia	Mincemeat Samosas      Origin: South Africa	Potato Pizza Base      Origin: Italy
Home-made Kadayıf      Origin: Turkey	Mincemeat Strudel with a Medieval Twist      Origin: Britain	Potato Shortcrust Pastry      Origin: Britain
Home-made Kataifi      Origin: Nigeria	Mincepies      Origin: Britain	Poten Bwmpen (Marrow Pie)      Origin: Welsh
Homentashn (Poppy Pockets)      Origin: Jewish	Namak Paray      Origin: Pakistan	Prawn Patties      Origin: Trinidad
Hot Water Pastry      Origin: Britain	Nepali Momo Wrappers      Origin: Nepal	Puff Pastry Purses      Origin: American
Hot-water Crust Pastry      Origin: Britain	Onion Bhaji      Origin: India	Puff-paste      Origin: Britain
Imqaret (Date Diamonds)      Origin: Malta	Oxeye Daisy Filo Rolls      Origin: Fusion	Puff-paste Patties      Origin: Britain
Irish Rich Pastry      Origin: Ireland	Pâte Sucrée (Sugar Pastry)      Origin: France	Pultes Tractogalatae (Pottage of Pastry and Milk)      Origin: Roman
Israeli Mamul (Israeli Date Pastries)      Origin: Israel	Party crispies      Origin: Andorra	Pumpkin and Chanterelle Tamales      Origin: Mexico
K'naafeh (String Pastry)      Origin: Lebanon	Pasta Frolla (Italian Sweet Shortcrust Pastry)      Origin: Italy	Pumpkin Croquettes      Origin: Fusion
Kabocha Squash and Kale Galette      Origin: America	Paste for Tarts      Origin: Britain	Pwdin Bara Menyn (Welsh Bread and Butter Pudding)      Origin: Welsh
Kaldi (Algerian Crescent Pastries)      Origin: Algeria	Pastechi de Boeuf (Beef Pastechi)      Origin: Saint-Martin	Qaghaq Tal L-Ghasel (Treacle Rings)      Origin: Malta
Khinkali      Origin: Georgia	Pastechi Karni (Aruban Meat Empanadas)      Origin: Aruba	Quarkkuchen (German cheesecake)      Origin: Germany
Koeksisters      Origin: South Africa	Pastelillos de Guayaba (Guava Pastries)      Origin: Puerto Rico	Quassatat with Beef and Peas Filling      Origin: Malta
Koeksisters II      Origin: South Africa	Pastelle Dough      Origin: Trinidad	Quesitos (Cream Cheese Puffs)      Origin: Puerto Rico
Kolacky      Origin: Poland	Pastelles      Origin: Trinidad	Rich Shortcrust Pastry      Origin: Britain
Kolokotes (Pastries Stuffed with Pumpkin)      Origin: Cyprus	Pastry Cheesecake Crust      Origin: Britain	Rich, Sweet, Orange Shortcrust Pastry      Origin: Britain
Kroštule (Dalmatian Pastry)      Origin: Croatia	Pastry for Pasties      Origin: England	Rich, Sweet, Shortcrust Pastry      Origin: Britain
La Pastiera di Grano (Neapolitan Easter Cake)      Origin: Italy	Pâte à Choux (Choux Pastry)      Origin: France	Robinson      Origin: Martinique
Leftovers Pie      Origin: Britain	Pâte Feuilletée (Puff Pastry)      Origin: France	Sabzi Gutab (Green Gutab)      Origin: Azerbaijan
Les Bouchons (Pork Dumplings)      Origin: Reunion	Pâte Sablée Selon (pate-sablee-selon)      Origin: France	Sahina      Origin: Trinidad
Les Palmiers du Jour de Valentine (Palmiers for Valentine's Day)      Origin: France	Pâtés à la Goyave (Guava Pasties)      Origin: Martinique	Saint Helena Curry Puffs      Origin: St Helena
Lumpia Wrappers      Origin: Philippines	Patty Dough      Origin: Trinidad	Samboussa (Djibouti Samosas)      Origin: Djibouti
M'hajeb (Filled Pastries)      Origin: Algeria	Payn Puff (Medieval Puff Pastry)      Origin: England	Sambusa      Origin: Somalia
Macadamia Nut Cheesecake      Origin: American	Peksimeti (Sour Dough Fingers)      Origin: Serbia	Samosa Wrapper      Origin: India
Maids of Honour      Origin: England	Pernam (Ham)      Origin: Roman	Samsa      Origin: Kyrgyzstan
Maids of Honour Tarts      Origin: Britain	Peynirli Künefe (Turkish Cheesecake)      Origin: Turkey	Samsas (Sweet Nutty Samosas)      Origin: Bangladesh
Manti (Meat-filled Boat-shaped Pastry)      Origin: Armenia	Phthois (Pastry Rounds)      Origin: Roman	Samusa aux Crevettes Réunionaise (Reunion Shrimp Samosas)      Origin: Reunion
Manx Pasties      Origin: Manx	Pice Cocos (Cockle Pikelets)      Origin: Welsh	Savoury Shortcrust Pastry      Origin: Britain
Mesru (Date and Pistachio Pastries)      Origin: Mesopotamia	Pishies (Pastries with Syrup)      Origin: Cyprus	Savoury Suet Pastry      Origin: Britain
Mille Feuille      Origin: France	Pishme (Turkmen Dough Fritters)      Origin: Turkmenistan
Mincemeat Baklava Rolls      Origin: Fusion	Plum and Apple Tart Spiced with Herb Bennet Root      Origin: Britain

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